Animal Body Research Articles

Coordinated wound responses in a regenerative animal-algal holobiont

Animal regeneration involves coordinated responses across cell types throughout the animal body. In endosymbiotic animals, whether and how symbionts react to host injury and how cellular responses are integrated across species remain unexplored. Here, we study the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura, which hosts symbiotic Tetraselmis sp. green algae and can regenerate entire bodies from tissue fragments. We show that animal injury causes a decline in the photosynthetic efficiency of the symbiotic algae, alongside two distinct, sequential waves of transcriptional responses in acoel and algal cells. The initial algal response is characterized by the upregulation of a cohort of photosynthesis-related genes, though photosynthesis is not necessary for regeneration. A conserved animal transcription factor, runt, is induced after injury and required for acoel regeneration. Knockdown of Cl-runt dampens transcriptional responses in both species and further reduces algal photosynthetic efficiency post-injury. Our results suggest that the holobiont functions as an integrated unit of biological organization by coordinating molecular networks across species through the runt-dependent animal regeneration program.

Visible Korean based on true color sectioned images for making realistic digital human, twenty years' record: a review.

Visible Korean (VK) consists of two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models. The VK is used in various educational tools and research sources for anatomy. In this paper, we report on the records of the VK over 20years. Research papers related to Visible Korean were reviewed. Through this report of VK records, we highlighted the essential points for making true color and ultra-high-resolution sectioned images of human and animal bodies, for making various 2D and 3D applications from the sectioned images, and for good use of the sectioned images and their applications. In this metaverse age that various virtual environments are required in medical education and research, the VK dataset meets the reality of virtual human models as fundamental data owing to the actual color and high resolution of the VK dataset.

Influence of stimulating basics on the level of iron in the blood of Saanen kids

Goat milk is becoming increasingly attractive for the food sector due to some advantages compared to cow milk: it has higher fat content, protein levels, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, cobalt, vitamins B1, B2, C, and some amino acids. The Saanen breed is the most attractive for farms since, along with the qualitative superiority of milk, this breed is characterized by increased milk yield. Currently, the main goal of research in goat breeding is to preserve and improve animals’ genetic potential under intensive exploitation conditions when any environmental factor (incredibly inadequate feeding) can negatively affect the productive qualities of animals. The period of their prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis is especially significant. One of the critical indicators of metabolic processes in the body of young animals is iron, which enhances oxidative processes and promotes the reproduction of erythrocyte hemoglobin. The study showed the influence of the age factor on an increase in the concentration of iron in the blood and better absorption of iron in the presence of copper in the body. The effectiveness of using an iron-containing preparation in combination with protein hydrolysate, a source of protein necessary for the formation of enzymes and hormones involved in regulating iron metabolism in the body, has been noted.

The effect of exposure to RF-EMF from the laboratory simulator of 5G NR base station on physiological parameters and cognitive abilities of male wistar rats of different ages

In this article, the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure from a simulated base station for the 5G New Radio (5G NR) telecommunication on rats was studied. The base station affects all age groups of the population, thus, for the first time, the experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats of three different ages (juvenile, adult, and presenile). The base station exposure parameters were chosen according to ICNIRP recommendations for limiting the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field: frequency 2.4 GHz with an average specific absorption rate of 0.0076 W/kg and 0.0059 W/kg over the whole body of experimental animals. Throughout the experiment, body weight was examined weekly, and the dynamics of body weight gain was monitored. Rectal and skin surface temperature on the right hind limb was monitored weekly. Testing in the Morris water maze was performed during the last, Week 5, of RF-EMF exposure. After euthanasia, organ weights were determined in experimental and control animals. None of the investigated parameters did show any statistically significant differences between exposed and control animals of the same age. The data obtained can be used to assess the possible consequences of chronic exposure to RF-EMF from 5G NR base stations.

Changes in the pulmonary circulation due to gravitational loads in high altitude conditions.

The impact of gravity on the existence of all living things has long been of interest to scientists. The force of the Earth's gravity combined with hypoxia significantly affects blood circulation and blood accumulation in various parts of the human and animal body. To date, the relationship between body position and blood circulation in pulmonary circulation under hypobaric hypoxia has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the research aims to determine the possibility of changing the body position in space on the reactions in the pulmonary circulation in the plains and highlands. For this purpose, research was conducted on male Wistar rats, 44 of whom spent 150 days at an altitude of 3200 m above sea level, and 25 representatives of the control group - at an altitude of 164 m. The study revealed that gravitational redistribution of blood in mountainous conditions is less pronounced compared to the control group. This is explained by the remodeling of the vascular wall and an increase in its stiffness. It was found that a change in pulmonary artery pressure at the time of a change in body position was recorded both on the plains and in the highlands. On the plains, when the body position of rats was changed to passive orthostatic, a decrease in systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure was noted, and when the body position was changed to passive anti-orthostatic, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure was observed. The increase in pulmonary artery pressure was a compensatory mechanism due to the increased stiffness of the pulmonary vasculature. The practical significance of this research is to expand the understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in high-altitude hypoxia.

Role of body size and shape in animal camouflage.

Animal camouflage serves a dual purpose in that it enhances both predation efficiency and anti-predation strategies, such as background matching, disruptive coloration, countershading, and masquerade, for predators and prey, respectively. Although body size and shape determine the appearance of animals, potentially affecting their camouflage effectiveness, research over the past two centuries has primarily focused on animal coloration. Over the past two decades, attention has gradually shifted to the impact of body size and shape on camouflage. In this review, we discuss the impact of animal body size and shape on camouflage and identify research issues and challenges. A negative correlation between background matching effectiveness and an animal's body size has been reported, whereas flatter body shapes enhance background matching. The effectiveness of disruptive coloration is also negatively correlated with body size, whereas irregular body shapes physically disrupt the body outline, reducing the visibility of true edges and making it challenging for predators to identify prey. Countershading is most likely in larger mammals with smaller individuals, whereas body size is unrelated to countershading in small-bodied taxa. Body shape influences a body reflectance, affecting the form of countershading coloration exhibited by animals. Animals employing masquerade achieve camouflage by resembling inanimate objects in their habitats in terms of body size and shape. Empirical and theoretical research has found that body size affects camouflage strategies by determining key aspects of an animal's appearance and predation risk and that body shape plays a role in the form and effectiveness of camouflage coloration. However, the mechanisms underlying these adaptations remain elusive, and a relative dearth of research on other camouflage strategies. We underscore the necessity for additional research to investigate the interplay between animal morphology and camouflage strategies and their coevolutionary development, and we recommend directions for future research.

Aplacophoran traits in the late Ordovician septemchitonid polyplacophorans.

A sample of phosphatized, originally calcareous, mollusk shells from the Katian age uppermost Mójcza Limestone at its type locality yielded a few hundred polyplacophoran plates. The chelodids are very rare among them. Three septemchitonid species dominate. They represent a gradation from underived steep roof-like plates to almost cylindrical ones, leaving only a narrow ventral slit for the foot. Apparently, this represents the first step towardthe extremely derived 'segmented clam' Bauplan of the Silurian Carnicoleus, with plates completely closed at the venter except for the mouth and anal openings. To enable growth, the plates became thinner and more flexible (or perhaps resorbed) along the dorsum. The tendency towardreduction of the ventral gap of the plates in the early Paleozoic septemchitonid polyplacophorans implies their lack of ability to cling to the substrate with a muscular foot. In compensation, their plates changed towarda more efficient protective function, covering the animal body sides more and more completely. This may explain the origin of the ventral furrow of extant solenogasters hiding the rudimentary foot. An opposite route was chosen by the coeval Acaenoplax lineage, in which the plates did not contact each other, exposing much of the soft body on the dorsum. In both cases the animals appeared to be worm-like, perhaps representing different ways of evolution from the Paleozoic chitons to the extant aplacophorans.

Global nitrous oxide emissions from livestock manure during 1890-2020: An IPCC tier 2 inventory.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock manure contribute significantly to the growth of atmospheric N2O, a powerful greenhouse gas and dominant ozone-depleting substance. Here, we estimate global N2O emissions from livestock manure during 1890-2020 using the tier 2 approach of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Global N2O emissions from livestock manure increased by ~350% from 451 [368-556] Gg N year-1 in 1890 to 2042 [1677-2514] Gg N year-1 in 2020. These emissions contributed ~30% to the global anthropogenic N2O emissions in the decade 2010-2019. Cattle contributed the most (60%) to the increase, followed by poultry (19%), pigs (15%), and sheep and goats (6%). Regionally, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America dominated the growth in global emissions since the 1990s. Nationally, the largest emissions were found in India (329 Gg N year-1), followed by China (267 Gg N year-1), the United States (163 Gg N year-1), Brazil (129 Gg N year-1) and Pakistan (102 Gg N year-1) in the 2010s. We found a substantial impact of livestock productivity, specifically animal body weight and milk yield, on the emission trends. Furthermore, a large spread existed among different methodologies in estimates of global N2O emission from livestock manure, with our results 20%-25% lower than those based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. This study highlights the need for robust time-variant model parameterization and continuous improvement of emissions factors to enhance the precision of emission inventories. Additionally, urgent mitigation is required, as all available inventories indicate a rapid increase in global N2O emissions from livestock manure in recent decades.

Between social cognition and material engagement: the cooperative body hypothesis

AbstractIn recent years, social cognition approaches to human evolution and Material Engagement Theory have offered new theoretical resources to advance our understanding of the prehistoric hominin mind. To date, however, these two approaches have developed largely in isolation from one another. I argue that there is a gap between social- and material-centred approaches, and that this is precisely the sociomateriality of the appearance of ancestral hominin bodies, which evolved under selective pressure to develop increasingly complex, cooperative sociality. To get this sociomaterial body in focus, I develop an esthesiological framework, appropriated from Merleau-Ponty (2003), for interpreting the expressive body in an evolutionary and comparative context. The guiding hypothesis of esthesiology is that before being rationality (social or material), “humanity is another corporeity” (Merleau-Ponty, 2003, p. 208). Esthesiology studies the appearance of the body and its sense organs as an intertwining locus of a sensing power (the ability to see, to touch, etc.) and a sensible character (the visible, touchable body). It is this dual-aspect character of the body that facilitates the most basic affective and sensorimotor modes of sociality. Examining these features from a comparative perspective, we find that the human body is distinctively suited to prosocial communication and cooperation: a more cooperative eye, an exposed and communicative skin. I thus propose a cooperative body hypothesis, by analogy with the cooperative eye hypothesis (Tomasello et al., 2007). Esthesiology provides a framework for integrating and interpreting a wide range of otherwise disconnected facts concerning human and nonhuman animal bodies, forms of life, cognition, and evolution, thereby bridging the gap between social cognition and material engagement perspectives. In doing so, however, it not only solves problems and proposes new directions of investigation, but also demands theoretical revisions from each.

Systematic Assessment of Bottomland Resources Influenced by Waste Disposal

In Ile-Oluji, Nigeria, issues with waste disposal brought on by population growth have resulted in contamination of the bottomland  resources that sustain humankind. Random soil samples were taken from a solid dumpsite and its adjacent closed bottomland at depths  of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–75 cm and analyzed in the laboratory. Soil texture, soil moisture content (MC), porosity, bulk density, pH, electrical  conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) were measured. Also examined  was the concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) in  the samples. Soil moisture content (MC), porosity, bulk density, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 8.52 to 16.08%, 30.14 to  51.19%, 1.16 to 1.46 g/cm3, 6.98 to 7.58, and 299.82 to 432.61 μS/cm, respectively. The concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals (OC,  K, Ca, Mg, and Na) and (Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, and Mn) in the soil samples collected from the solid waste dumpsite and bottomland ranged respectively from 2.13–3.10%,, 3.98–6.57, 5.08–8.11, 5.41–7.11, and 0.98–2.61 Cmol/kg, and 6.83– 29.04, 0.00–0.35, 0.41–3.92, 0.89–3.46,  0.00–0.63, and 13.74–74.38 mg/kg. The highest concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals were found in the soil sample collected from  the solid waste dumpsite between 0 and 15 cm of soil depth, and it was closely followed by the sample obtained from the bottomland at the same soil depth compared to other locations. The concentration of heavy metals did not exceed the limits established  by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), but persistent dumping of waste in the area  may eventually increase the concentration of heavy metals beyond the acceptable limit. There is a need for the locals to be aware that the  growing of crops on dumpsites and closed adjacent bottomland due to its fertility status could result in the uptake of heavy metals  and eventually end up in human or animal bodies. A measure to avoid dumping waste close to the bottomland should be put in place by  ensuring the immediate construction of a standard environmental sanitary dumpsite in combination with the waste recycling strategy in  the study area. 

The mechanism of interaction of the animal›s body with the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (review)

The intestines of animals are a complex ecosystem consisting of a microbiome, host cells, and nutrients. There are about 100 trillion bacteria in the intestinal tract that form the intestinal microbiota. They are taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and type. The intestinal microflora mainly consists of six types: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Bacterioidetes and firmicutes occupy a dominant position in the intestinal tract of animals and play a key role in the nutrient absorption system and help strengthen the intestinal barrier. The composition of the microbial community ecosystem is dynamic, and its composition depends on many factors including genes, medications, and feeding.The purpose of this review is to analyze the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and factors affecting their biodiversity. The composition of the microbial community ecosystem is dynamic and depends on many factors, including genes, medications, and feeding. Changes in the feeding diet can cause time shifts (within 24 hours) in a large number of microorganisms. It follows that feeding is also a vital regulator of the intestinal microbiota. The prospects for applying the results of the study of the microbiota of the body of farm animals are obvious, since they can become the basis for creating technologies that allow correcting undesirable changes in the microbiome of animals that arise as negative consequences of the intensification of highly productive agricultural production.

Regularities of Growth and Development of Buffaloes

Based on the research, an analysis of the biological characteristics of the growth and development of buffaloes in certain periods and stages was carried out. The growth rate of animals of all ages depends on feeding conditions, time of year and other environmental factors. The stage of onset of sexual activity in animals differs sharply from all periods of growth and development. It has been revealed that timely mating of animals, on the contrary, naturally lengthens the maturation period and makes it possible to breed larger animals and obtain greater productivity in the future. For normal processes of growth and development in the body of animals, it is necessary to improve the external environmental conditions and, above all, the conditions of feeding, housing and care. It is necessary to build a breeding business in an exemplary manner and thus increase the weight and milk and meat productivity of livestock.

Lactate Concentration and Its Changes in the Blood of 3-month-old Rabbits

It was performed on 3-month-old rabbits, which were exposed to acute (20 minutes) and severe form of exogenous hypoxia (forced breathing in a nitrogen atmosphere with 5% O2 in pressure chamber conditions). Immediately after that (in the 1st, 3rd and 6th hours), the amount of lactate in their blood was determined. First, we studied the normal level of lactate in the blood of 3-month-old guinea pigs, then we subjected them to a hypoxia load and determined lactate. This series of experiments conducted by us allows us to get an idea of how blood lactate levels initially change in 3-month-old rabbits that have not yet reached sexual maturity under normal conditions and during the effects of various severe loads (such as acute hypoxia, long-term immobilization, and fast running). Here, we want to mention once again about lactate that this simple carbohydrate metabolite, along with other simple carbohydrates such as pyruvate (pyruvic acid) in the human and animal body, when there is a lack of oxygen in its cells, the glycolysis process (anaerobic decomposition of glucose) is carried out even faster, is an indicator of metabolic and functional importance that allows us to make judgments about its end products and at the same time its intensity and duration. As a final product of glycolysis, lactate accumulated in cells and tissues causes a change in the buffer systems there, an increase in the activity of the acidic range of pH (acidosis) and other negative reactions. An increase in the amount of lactate in the blood is considered a relatively weak toxic factor for the body. From this point of view, lactate is one of the harmful metabolites of the body. But studies have shown that the lactate formed as a result of glycolysis and other carbohydrate exchange processes is also used for the resynthesis (resynthesis) of sugars that are energetically useful for the body, that is, the body uses it as an energetic substrate. Therefore, the pronounced change in the level of lactate in the blood can also be considered as a kind of adaptive-defense reaction.

Urban Parks and Acceptable Animal Bodies

Urban Parks and Acceptable Animal Bodies

Assessment of the biological effect of natural silicon when entering the body of experimental animals with drinking water. Part 1

Introduction. The biological effect of natural silicon (Si) and its hygienic regulation in drinking water still remain subjects of controversy in the scientific literature and in the practice of providing favourable conditions for water use by the population. In this regard, an assessment was made of the effect of natural silicon contained in drinking water in concentrations close to the maximum permissible concentration on the body of laboratory animals.
 Materials and methods. Drinking waters containing natural Si at MPC levels in water were studied, their effect was assessed in a three-month experiment on 80 white outbred male rats. Observations were made of the general condition, appearance of the animals, body weight dynamics, water consumption. 
 The morphological composition of whole blood was studied. Biochemical indices of the condition of internal organs, including the liver, were determined 
 in serum samples (the ALT and AST activity, the level of total protein and albumin), pancreas (α-amylase activity), kidneys (creatinine content), as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity as a nonspecific indicator of tissue damage.
 Results. In animals received 17±3.4 mg/L silicon with drinking water at a hardness of 2.25±0.47 mg-eq/L, a significant decrease in ALT activity was found on the 30th and 90th days of the experiment, AST – on 90th day, increase in the content of total protein and albumin in the serum on the 30th day of the experiment. Drinking water with silicon concentrations of 20.5±4.1 mg/L and hardness 3.55±0.76 mg-eq/L decreased ALT activity and serum creatinine concentration on the 30th day and increased amylase activity on the 90th day of the experiment. The animals had the highest water consumption and intake of silicon from drinking water over the first month of the experiment.
 Limitations. Limitations of the study are related to the short duration of observation and the small number of points for determining biochemical parameters over time.
 Conclusion. Consumption of drinking water containing natural silicon for 90 days led to changes in biochemical indices, largely indicating the positive effect of the element in concentrations of 17±3.4 mg/L and 20.5±4.1 mg/L on the body of laboratory animals.

Selenium suppressed growth of Ehrlich solid tumor and improved health of tumor-bearing mice.

Selenium (Se) is an important micronutritional biomolecule in cancer therapy. The current work evaluated the anticancer effect of Se and its ability to improve health of mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma implanted subcutaneously. Four groups of five female BALB/c mice each were assembled. Ehrlich tumor cells were engrafted into two of them, either with or without Se therapy. The other groups served as control groups, either with or without Se treatment. Se treatment resulted in a notable decrease in both tumor volume and animal body mass in tumor-bearing mice. Treatment with Se markedly increased oxidative stress in tumor while ameliorating oxidative stress in sera of tumors-bearing mice. Similarly, treatment with Se resulted in downregulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) while increasing IL-10 in serum of tumor-bearing mice. Conversely, selenium increased TNF- α and IL-6 and decreased IL-10 in tumor suggesting disruption of tumor immunity. The increased oxidative stress and inflammation in tumor tissue dysregulated cell cycle phases with increase apoptotic tumor cells population in G0/G1 phase. This is supported by the increased levels apoptotic regulating proteins (Bax and caspase-3 and P-53) while decreasing Bcl-2 in the tumor tissue. Treatment with Se also resulted in increased comet parameters indicating DNA damage of tumor cells. Histopathological examination revealed a significant decrease in a number of neoplastic cells within tumor of mice that treated with Se. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Se therapy significantly suppressed solid tumor proliferation and growth while mitigating the health status of tumor-bearing mice.

Pathological characteristic of the eye changes within dogs ophthalmopathy associated with paraneoplastic syndrome

Ophthalmopathy associated with parneoplastic syndrome is a poorly studied pathology of the dogs eye. They occur as a result of the malignant neoplasm’s systematic exposure on the animal's body. They appear in the form of non-specific clinical signs. Main objective of the study – to study the pathomorphological changes in the dog’s eyes with malignant neo-plasms. The material for the study were 30 eyeballs enucleated in dogs in the terminal stage of cancer. Autopsy material obtained from animals was subjected to standard histological processing. As a result of histological studies, pathomorphological changes in eyeball structures associated with Patnaik G2 and G3 mastocytomas (28.6% of cases), liver and kidney carcinomas (28.6%), lymphoma (28.6%) and spleen hemangiosarcoma (14.2%) were revealed in 46.7% of cases. The main histopathological changes were thickening of the iris due to inflammatory cellular infiltration (57.1%) and vasodilation of blood vessels (42.9%), the presence of fibrinous hemorrhagic exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye (28.6%), edema and inflammatory infiltration of the vascular membrane proper (42.9%), thinning, loss of layering and weak retinal atrophy (42.9%). The revealed histological changes indicate the predominant involvement in the pathological process of the vascular membrane of the eye with a violation of the hematophthalmic barrier, as the main pathogenetic mechanism for the development of endogenous uveitis against the background of malignant neoplasm in the animal body.

MALASSEZIA FUNGAL DERMATITIS AND RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS TICK INFESTATION IN MIXED BREED DOGS

Dermatitis is the most common skin health problem in dogs whose causative agents are parasitic, bacterial, fungal and viral infections. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose and determine the success of dermatitis therapy due to Malassezia spp fungal infection and Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick infestation. A 7-month-old mixed breed dog weighing 4.5 kg was examined with complaints of itching and hair baldness. Clinical examination revealed alopecia on the face, chin, body and legs, scale on the head, papules on the abdomen, erythema on the cranial and caudal extremities with oily, rancid skin and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on the hind legs. The results of cytological examination of skin taken by impression smear found the presence of Malassezia fungal agents. The results of the examination using the antibody kit showed negative results. Routine hematology examination showed the case dog had lymphocytosis and hyperchromic macrocytic anemia. Based on the history, physical examination, and supporting examination, the case dog was diagnosed with Malassezia fungal dermatitis and tick infestation with a prognosis of fausta.The therapy given was oral itraconazole, loratadine, fish oil, sebasol shampoo and multivitamin (sakatonic active). The results of therapy observed on day 14 showed that the condition of the case dog began to improve, characterized by a reduced scratching reaction, reduced scale, erythema, and papules, and superficial skin that was initially oily and rancid smelling had also begun to decrease.  The case dog's hair has grown on the head, abdomen and legs. Therefore, to avoid recurrent infections, owners need to avoid keeping the animal in a humid place and keep the animal's body clean as favorable conditions can trigger recurrent events, as well as reduce direct contact with stray dogs to prevent ticks.

Study of Tildox AVZ effect on rat blood parameters in a subchronic experiment

The purpose of our research was to study the effect of Tildox AVZ on rat blood counts in a subchronic experiment. Tildox is a complex antibiotic in powder form. One gram of drug contains doxycycline hyclate – 100 mg and tylosin tartrate - 100 mg as active ingredients, sodium benzoate and sucrose as auxiliary substances. The experiment lasted 90 days. The study was conducted on 150 Wistar rats (75 males and 75 females). The body weight of the animals was 190-230 g. During the experiment 5 groups of 30 animals (15 males and 15 females) were formed, three of them were experimental groups, one - control and one – intact. Of the 150 rats involved in the experiment after its completion 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) were killed for pathomorphological studies of internal organs.To identify the ability to recover and the appearance of resistance to toxic effects the remaining 50 animals (5 males and 5 females from each group) were monitored for 28 days after the experiment.An aqueous solution of the test sample of the drug was administered daily intragastrically using an atraumatic metal probe. The drug was administered to the first experimental group at a dose of 70 mg / kg, the second group - 265 mg / kg, the third group - at a dose of 1000 mg / kg of animal body weight. The control group was in equal conditions and received intragastric saline solution. Intact animals served as a reference. It was found that Tildox AVZ administered intragastrically at doses of 265 and 1000 mg / kg 1 time per day for 90 days has an effect on clinical and biochemical blood parameters. The drug administered at a dose of 70 mg / kg does not cause changes in blood parameters. However when examining the blood of rats 28 days after the recovery period there were no significant changes in clinical and biochemical parameters compared with the control and intact groups.From this it can be concluded that all blood changes had a dose-dependent effect and after stopping the use of the drug the body recovered which indicates the reversibility of the caused shifts in the blood picture.

Protective effects of Moringa oleifera against acetic acid-induced colitis in rat: Inflammatory mediators’ inhibition and preservation the colon morphohistology

Moringa oleifera decoction is used in folk medicine to alleviate various gastrointestinal ailments and has been shown in several studies to exhibit diverse biological activities: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and myorelaxant on intestine strips. However, its protective effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in colitis remains to be ascertained. We investigated Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract activities on a rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis. Thirty-six rats were divided in random into six groups, and received either distilled water (10 mL/kg), the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) or the reference drug Loperamide (5 mg/kg) for 20 days. Animal body weight and food intake were followed-up. Colitis was induced on day 15, and daily stool weight was followed up. Animals were sacrificed (day 21), serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines MPO, IL-6, and TNF-α were evaluated, and the colon and liver preserved for histological examinations. After one-week pre-treatment, a significant (P < 0.05) weight increase was observed. At day 20, the extract significantly (P < 0.01) prevented weight loss. Food intake decreased by 36.33% in the colitis control, and by 4.34% in the extract (100 mg/kg) treated animals (P < 0.01). Moringa oleifera (100 mg/kg, day 20) decreased stool weights to 4.75±0.3 g (P < 0.05). The extract decreased (P < 0.01) MPO level. At 100 mg/kg, it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced IL-6 –0.58 ± 0.14 against 0.85 ± 0.00 ng/L in the colitis control. At the same dose, TNF-α levels decreased to 417.96 ± 0.17 ng/L (P < 0.001). Moringa oleifera alleviated colitis symptoms by reducing stool emission, alleviating inflammation, and preserving colon and liver cytoarchitecture.